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State Food and Drug Administration General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China


Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)




(SFDA Decree No. 25)

The Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim), adopted by the State Food and Drug Administration, the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China and the General Administration of Sport of China, is hereby promulgated in the decree sequence number of the State Food and Drug Administration and shall come into force as of September 1, 2006.


Shao Mingli
Commissioner
State Food and Drug Administration

Mou Xinsheng
Minister
General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China

Liu Peng
Minister
General Administration of Sport of China
July 28, 2006





Provisions for Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Interim)


Article 1 The Provisions are formulated with a view to standardizing the administration of import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones in accordance with the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Customs Law of People's Republic of China, Anti-doping Regulations and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 2 The State adopts license control on the import and export of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 3 The importer shall apply for the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 4 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Copy of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate);
(4) Copy of the Drug Supply Certificate, Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importer; to import drug substance and intermediate preparations including preparations to be repackaged in China for their own needs, drug manufacturers shall submit copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate, Corporate Business License and Organization Code Certificate;
(5) Where holders of the Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) entrust other companies to export their drugs, they shall provide the authorization letter for export.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 5 For the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for teaching and scientific research purposes, the importers shall submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Import;
(2) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form;
(3) Certificates of legitimate qualifications of users in China, calculation basis for the quantity of the drug in use and letter of guarantee issued by the user for legitimate use and management of the drug;
(4) Approval documents for relevant scientific research projects or approval documents of relevant competent authority;
(5) Where entrusted by users for importation, importers shall provide copies of the authorization agreement, the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the importers.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 6 Where a enterprise in China entrusted by an overseas enterprise for contract manufacturing needs to import anabolic agents and peptide hormones, it shall provide materials required in Items (1), (3) and (5) of Paragraph 1 of Article 5, in addition, official documents to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 7 The State Food and Drug Administration shall decide whether or not to approve the import within 15 working days after receiving the application for import and the relevant materials. Where the application is approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall issue the Import License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the State Food and Drug Administration shall give reasons in writing.

Article 8 The importer may declare to the customs of the ports where drug importation is permitted upon presenting the Import License for the drug issued by the State Food and Drug Administration. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Import License for the drug.
The Drug Import Note is not required for import of anabolic agents and peptide hormones.

Article 9 To import anabolic agents and peptide hormones including those sold in China for the first time for medical purpose, the importer shall fill in the Import Drug Clearance Form timely after going through the import formalities and submit the following materials in duplicate to the (food and) drug regulatory department where the port of entry is located, upon presenting the original Import Drug License (or the Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug, to apply for the Notice of Import Drug Port Test:
(1) Copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the Import License for the drug;
(2) Copies of the Drug Manufacturing Certificate or Drug Supply Certificate, and Copy of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person.
(3) Copy of the certificate of origin;
(4) Copy of the purchasing contract;
(5) Copies of packing list, bill of lading and freight invoice;
(6) Copy of the certificate of analysis;
(7) Format of drug insert sheet, package and label (except for drug substance and intermediate preparation);

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the importer.

Article 10 After checking the received Import Drug Clearance Form and relevant materials, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall return the original Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License) (original or duplicate) and the original Import License for the drug to the importer, and send the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, along with a copy of the dossier as prescribed in Article 9 of the Provisions, to the port drug testing institute on the same day.

After receiving the Notice of Import Drug Port Test, the port drug testing institute shall contact the importer within two working days and conduct sampling on the storage site. Upon the completion of the sampling, the mark “sampled” shall be stamped on the back of the first page of the original Import License for the drug, with the seal of sampling institute affixed.

Article 11 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for teaching and research purposes or for the domestic manufacturing contracted by overseas enterprises are exempted from testing.

Article 12 The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall report timely to the State Food and Drug Administration in any of the following circumstances:
(1) The port (food and) drug regulatory department refuses to issue the Notice of Import Drug Port Test in accordance with the provisions in Article 17 of the Provisions for Import Drug (Decree No. 4 of the State Food and Drug Administration and the General Administration of Customs);
(2) The port (food and) drug testing institute refuses the sampling in accordance with the requirements in Article 25 of the Provisions for Import Drug.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall take mandatory administrative measures to seal up or seize all the imported drugs within the situations prescribed in the previous paragraph. It shall make the decision of allowing shipping back within seven days from the date of the seal-up or seizure, and inform the importer of applying for the Export License for the drug according to the export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions and return all the import drugs to the original exporting country.

Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days after being informed of the decision, the sealed up or seized drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Article 13 For imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones out of specifications upon testing by the port drug testing institute, the importer shall provide a detailed report about the distribution and use of all the imported drugs to the port (food and) drug regulatory department where the importer is located within two days after receiving the Import Drug Test Report.

After receiving the Import Drug Test Report, the port (food and) drug regulatory departments shall take mandatory administrative measures to timely seal up or seize all the drugs and, within seven days, decide whether or not to place the case on file.

Where the importer fails to apply for a retesting within the specified timeline or the result of the retesting is still out of specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall make the decision of allowing shipping back and notify the importer to apply for the Export License for the drug according to export procedures for anabolic agents and peptide hormones prescribed in the Provisions to return all the imported drugs to the original exporting country. Where the importer fails to respond or make clear its intention to ship back the drugs within ten days from the date of receiving the decision, the drugs shall be destroyed under the supervision of the port (food and) drug regulatory department.

Where the result of retesting is in compliance with the specifications, the port (food and) drug regulatory department shall remove the mandatory administrative measures of seal-up and seizure.

The port (food and) drug regulatory department shall handle the case according to the provisions in Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4 of this Article and report the result to the State Food and Drug Administration, and, at the same time, notify the (food and) drug regulatory departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government as well as other port (food and) drug regulatory departments.

Article 14 Where domestic drug manufacturers, distributors and medical institutions purchase imported anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the supplier shall provide copies of the Import Drug License (or Pharmaceutical Product License), the Import License for the drug and the Import Drug Test Report, and affix its official seal to the abovementioned copies.

Article 15 The exporter shall apply for exportation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones to the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government, where it is located, and submit the following materials:
(1) Application Form for Drug Export;
(2) Original import permit (or its copy with notarization) provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region.
If the importing country or region has no license system in the importation of anabolic agents and peptide hormones, the exporter shall provide the official document (original) of the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region to prove that the import of the drugs of this type is exempted from the import permit, along with one of the following documents:
a. Original official document (or its copy with notarization) granting import provided by the drug regulatory authority of the importing country or region;
b. Certificates of legitimate qualifications of importers and original supporting document (or its copy with notarization) proving legitimate use of the drug;
(3) Copy of the purchasing contract or order form (except for manufacturers that export their own products);
(4) Copy of the export contract or order form;
(5) Where the export drug is an approved one produced by a domestic manufacturer, the Drug Manufacturing Certificate and Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person of the manufacturer and a copy of the approval document of the drug shall be provided;
Where the export drug is produced by a domestic enterprise under contract of an overseas enterprise, the exporter shall provide a copy of the official document to prove recorded by the local (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government.
(6) Copies of the Business License for Enterprises as a Legal Person, Qualification Certificate for Import and Export Enterprise (or Foreign Trade Operator Filing and Registration Form) and Organization Code Certificate of the exporter.

All copies mentioned above should be stamped with the official seal of the exporter.

Article 16 Where the drugs are to be shipped back in accordance with the requirements in Article 12 and Article 13 of the Provisions, the exporter shall provide the following materials to apply for the Export License for the drug:
(1) Documents proving the request for return of goods made by the original exporter of the exporting country;
(2) Import License for the drug.

Article 17 The (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government shall decide whether or not to approve the export within 15 working days after receiving the export application and relevant materials.

Where the application is approved, the regulatory department shall issue the Export License for the drug; where the application is not approved, the regulatory department shall give reasons in writing.

Where the Export License for the drug is applied for in accordance with the requirements in Article 16 of the Provisions, the issuing authority shall mark “return of the original goods” on the Export License for the drug.

Article 18 The exporter may go through the customs formalities upon presenting the Export License for the drug issued by the (food and) drug regulatory department of the province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government. The customs shall clear the drug in the presence of the Export License for the drug.

Article 19 The importer and exporter shall provide one more sheet of customs declaration form and apply for sign-back of the sheet when going through the customs formalities. The customs shall stamp the “proof seal” on the sheet in the presence of the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The customs shall charge the cost according to the relevant regulations for issuing certificates.

The importer and exporter shall return the first sheet of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug along with the customs declaration form with the seal of the customs, to the issuing regulatory department within one month after completing the import and export.

Where the importer or exporter conducts no relevant importation or exportation after obtaining the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug, the importer or exporter shall return the original license to the issuing regulatory department within one month after expiration of the license.

Article 20 The validation of the Import License for the drug is one year; the validation of the Export License for the drug is no more than three months (valid within the calendar year).

“One license for one customs clearance” is implemented for the Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug. The license shall be used only once within the validation and its content shall not be altered. Where the import or export is postponed for some reasons, the importer or exporter may request for a new license once with the original one.

Article 21 Where the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug is lost, the importer or exporter shall report the loss to the original issuing authority in writing immediately. After receiving the loss report, the original issuing authority shall notify the port customs and reissue the license if no harmful consequences are found through confirmation.

Article 22 The Import License for the drug and Export License for the drug are uniformly printed by the State Food and Drug Administration.

Article 23 Where anabolic agents and peptide hormones are imported or exported in the form of processing trade, the customs shall go through and supervise the clearance formalities upon presentation of the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug. Those not exported for special reasons shall be transferred to and handled by the local (food and) drug regulatory department in accordance with relevant regulations, and the customs shall conduct the verification and cancellation procedures in the presence of relevant documents.

Article 24 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering or leaving between bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas, Customs bonded and controlling areas, with overseas, or between the special Customs controlling areas and the Customs bonded and controlling areas are exempt from application for the Import License for the drug or Export License for the drug, and supervised by the Customs.

Import License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering from bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas into other places in China.

Export License for the drug shall be applied for anabolic agents and peptide hormones entering bonded zones, export processing zones, other special Customs controlling areas and Customs bonded and controlling areas from other places of China.

Article 25 Where an individual carries or mails anabolic agents and peptide hormones, within a reasonable amount, into or out of China for medical needs, the customs shall clear the drugs in the presence of prescriptions of medical institutions in accordance with relevant regulations on prescriptions of the competent health department.

Article 26 Besides prescribed in the Provisions, the importation, port test, supervision and control of anabolic agents and peptide hormones for medical purpose are implemented with reference to requirements related to drug importation in the Provisions for Drug Importation.

Article 27 Anabolic agents and peptide hormones imported for medical purpose mentioned in the Provisions refer to the import anabolic agents and peptide hormones to be used for preparation production or to be marketed in China.

Importer refers to the importer specified on the Import License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Exporter refers to the exporter specified on the Export License for the drug obtained in accordance with the Provisions.

Article 28 These Provisions shall go into effect as of September 1, 2006. The Notice on Import and Export of Anabolic Agents and Peptide Hormones (Guo Shi Yao Jian An [2004] No. 474) issued by the State Food and Drug Administration on September 30, 2004 shall be annulled therefrom.


浅析累犯的构成及其几点思考

雍定远


《中华人民共和国刑法》第六十五条规定：“被判处有期徒刑的犯罪分子，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是累犯，应当从重处罚，但是过失犯罪除外。”这一规定包含以下几个方面的内容，第一，累犯是指一种犯罪人类型，即被判处一定刑罚，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在一定期间之内再犯一定之罪的犯罪分子。目前大多数人是把累犯作为一种犯罪人类看待的。第二，累犯是一种量刑情节，犯罪人属于累犯之列的，对其量刑时应当考虑予以从重处罚。第三，累犯是一项刑罚制度，它是刑罚量定阶段人民法院考虑对犯罪人适用的一项量刑制度。第四，不管是前罪还是后罪均不包括过失犯罪。本法第六十六条还规定：“危害国家安全的犯罪分子在刑罚执行完毕或赦免以后，在任何时候再犯危害国家安全罪的，都以累犯论处。”这一规定把累犯划分成了两大类，即普通累犯和特殊累犯。现笔者就累犯的构成条件和我国累犯制度个别不完善的方面谈一点粗浅的看法。
一、累犯的构成条件
（一）、普通累犯的构成条件
一般累犯是指被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后在五年以内故意再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的犯罪分子。一般累犯的特点是，前后罪均是一般刑事犯罪或者前后罪中有其一是一般刑事犯罪。其构成条件是：1、主观条件：前罪和后罪都是故意犯罪。之所以如此，是由我国刑法的任务和累犯从重处罚的根据所决定，我国刑法是以同故意犯罪作斗争为自已的主要任务，以遏制犯罪人再次犯罪为目的的累犯从重制度，必然也要防止故意犯罪者再次实施故意犯罪作为自已的出发点和归宿，因此，把构成累犯的前后两次犯罪限定为故意犯罪。累犯从重处罚的根据是累犯比初犯的人身危险性大，即再犯的可能性大，由故意犯罪的主观性质决定，故意犯罪的实施者具有较大的人身危险性，过失犯罪者虽然在一定条件下也可能再次实施犯罪，但是过失犯罪的结果不是犯罪人主观上所希望的，因此，过失犯罪人的人身危险性很小甚至没有。由此决定，刑法规定的一般累犯的前后两罪只能限于故意犯罪。2、刑度条件：前罪所判处的刑罚和后罪应当判处的刑罚均是在有期徒刑以上。“被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子”，是指人民法院根据犯罪的全部情况，最后确定其宣告刑为有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，同时也包括被判处无期徒刑或者死缓的犯罪分子。因为被判处无期徒刑或者死缓的犯罪分子可以通过减刑或假释最终出狱，回归社会，从而有可能再次犯罪、构成累犯。“应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪”，是指根据后罪的社会危害性大小及其他有关情况，实际上应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚，而不是说该罪的法定刑中包含有期徒以上的刑罚，如果将“应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪”，理解为所犯之罪的法定刑中含有有期徒刑以上刑罚，势必无限制地扩大累犯的范围。3、前提条件：前罪的刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，被假释的犯罪分子，从假释期满之日起计算。设立累犯制度的目的，是通过对那些屡教不改的犯罪分子给予从重处罚，使他们最终得到改造，而犯罪人只有通过刑罚的执行之后，才能看出是否认罪服法，接受改造。一般说来，未经刑罚的执行，是难以测定出犯罪人是否已经得到改造，是否还会实施犯罪。“刑罚已经执行完毕”，是主刑执行完毕，还是主刑和附加刑共同执行完毕，法律无明文规定。笔者认为，所谓“刑罚已经执行完毕”是指主刑完毕，即只要主刑执行完毕五年以内又故意犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪，即使附加刑尚未执行完毕，仍可以构成累犯。因为在我国现有刑罚的执行条件下，附加刑的执行不甚规范、不便操作且难以达到理想的程度。所谓“赦免”是就特赦而言，因为我国宪法仅仅规定了特赦，没有规定大赦。对于被假释的犯罪分子如何构成累犯，现行刑法第六十五条已经作了明确的规定，在这里无须赘述。4、时间条件：后罪发生在前罪刑罚执行完毕或者赦免、假释期满以后五年内。犯罪人刑罚执行完毕或者赦免、假释期满以后回归社会的一定时期，是其重新适应社会的过渡时期，或者说是其重新犯罪的危险期。而刑法规定的构成累犯的前后两罪的时间间隔，实际上即是这一过渡时期。只有渡过这一时期之后，特殊预防目的才可以说得以实现。因此，这一过渡时期适当长一些，会更加激励刚刚回归社会的犯罪人遵纪守法，重新做人。修订后的刑法将两罪的间隔时间修改为五年， 正是体现了这一精神。在计算前后两罪的间隔期限时应注意：第一，前后两罪的五年间隔期限必须绝对准确，不能有任何机动的余地，即使超过一天也不允许；第二，后罪的犯罪行为实施于前罪执行完毕以后的五年以内，而其结果却发生在五年以外，仍应认定为累犯。
（二）特殊累犯的构成条件
与普通累犯相比特殊累犯的构成条件较为简单,刑法第六十六条把危害国家安全累犯作为特殊累犯对待，按照本条的规定，构成特殊累犯必须具备如下条件：1、前罪和后罪都是危害国家安全罪；2、后罪可以发生在前罪刑罚执行完毕或者赦免、假释期满后的任何时候，不受两罪相隔时间长短的限制；3、前罪所判刑罚和后罪应判刑罚的轻重不受限制，一般累犯前后两罪所判处的刑罚均在有期徒刑以上，而特殊累犯没有这种限制，哪怕前后两罪或者其中一罪判处管制、拘役甚至单处附加刑，也不影响特殊累犯的构成。
二、关于累犯制度的几点思考
关于累犯的处罚刑法第六十五条已经作了明确的规定，在司法实践中对于累犯的处罚是以从重处罚为主，加重处罚为辅，比如，最高人民法院《关于审理盗窃案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第六条第三项就是将累犯纳入了加重处罚之列。在这里我们不对累犯的处罚进行讨论，下面就累犯制度中的几个问题谈一点粗浅的认识。
1、关于累犯的执行场所问题
累犯人身危险性大，难以改造，如果与初犯同在一个改造场所难以达到改造之目的，且累犯与初犯在一起改造还有可能将初犯带成犯罪的“多面手”。因此，初犯与累犯在改造时分设监狱，给予不同的监管是有相当必要的。但是在我国的立法上对这一点并未作出明确的规定,《中华人民共和国劳动改造条例》（已废止）第三条规定：“对已判决的犯人应当按照犯罪性质和罪行轻重，分设监狱，劳动改造管教队给予不同的监管”，这一规定比较笼统，1994年施行的《中华人民共和国监狱法》第三十九条规定：“监狱对成年男犯、女犯和未成年犯实行分开关押和管理……。监狱根据罪犯的犯罪类型、刑罚种类、刑期、改造表现等情况，对罪犯实行分别关押，采取不同方式管理。”这一规定虽然在监管制度上有所细化、有所发展，但是也并没有对累犯的监管作专门规定，加上劳改部门改造条件的限制，致使累犯与初犯分开监管几乎成为不可能。在笔者所办理的案件中有相当数量的累犯系改造环境的影响而再次犯罪，如方某1990年因犯故意伤害罪被判处有期徒刑三年，1992年12月刑满释放，1994年5月又犯盗窃罪被判处有期徒刑六年，1999年刑满释放，2001年又因盗窃10余户村民的鸡被逮捕即将判刑。笔者了解方某为什么会“三进宫”时，方讲：他第一次被判刑后是在某监狱服刑，同在一起服刑的有一个叫赵某的在那时就已是“三进宫”了，赵向方传授了一些犯罪方法以及一些如免受侦查之苦的“经验”。方还讲他之所以“三进宫”，还有一个原因是：刑满释放以后由于生活无着，故而一犯再犯。方某生活无依靠的问题，是一个社会问题，笔者将在下面作进一步的讨论。方某在“一进宫”时所受到的“感染”也是方“三进宫”的主要原因之一。虽然不是所有累犯与初犯之间都存在“感染”与被“感染”，但是杜绝初犯被“感染”是符合刑罚执行的本意。笔者认为，在监狱执行刑罚的过程，不仅是对罪犯的惩罚过程，而且是对罪犯改造的过程。刑罚执行中的改造，主要是指对罪犯实行劳动改造，其目的是使之改恶从善、重新做人，使罪犯改造后回归社会。如果在改造时就存在被“感染”的可能，那么改造的功能至少存在弊端。这些现象虽说不是普遍存在，但是能在尽可能的情况下杜绝这种现象的发生，也不失为改造的一种功效。因此，从立法上确立累犯与初犯分开监管是有相当必要的。
2、刑满释放人员的社会保障问题
法院对被告人作出的有罪判决发生法律效力，这是对被告人负刑事责任的问题作出确定的结论。罪犯依照法院的处刑判决开始服刑，这是罪犯实际负刑事责任的开始。法院处刑判决确定的刑罚执行完毕时，表明罪犯对自己的犯罪行为应当承担法律责任的义务已经履行完毕，国家对其适用刑罚的目的已经达到，罪犯应负的刑事责任就应归于终结，该刑罚也就随之消灭。因此，罪犯刑满释放是刑罚消灭的一种形式之一。罪犯刑满释放后，对于已经确定的刑罚来说是归于消灭了，但对于犯罪人本身这个生命体来说刑罚对其的影响并没有结束，这些回归社会的人，可以归为有特殊经历的人，从一般意义而言这些人在心理上都有自卑感，都渴望周围的人对其施以关心、帮助，但是这些关心和帮助往往是有限的，犯罪人刑满释放后无生活来源，“饥寒起盗心”，再次犯罪的也时有发生。在此笔者并非大发慈善之心，而是探求一种减少再犯的途径。笔者所在法院2001年1－12月共计判处被告人163人，其中再次犯罪者20人，再犯中累犯15人。在这15名中，属于无生活来源盗窃构成累犯的就有8人之多。这8名累犯，户籍所地在农村、城镇均有，这说明罪犯刑满释放后的社会保障还存在缺陷。在这里或许有人会说，现在的下岗工人到处可见，还顾及什么刑满释放的犯人。应该说刑满释放后的犯罪人与下岗工人只有经历的不同，而没有什么本质之别，不把他们同平常人一样同等对待，对于这些有特殊经历的人来说是不公正的。据笔者了解，罪犯刑满释放后，公安机关要对其进行3年的重点人口管理，其具体操作，是让这些人定时到公安基层组织汇报思想情况，仅此而已，对于这些人的生活情况有关组织上几乎无瑕顾及。上述方某家处农村，刑满释放后，由于不是调整土地时刑满释放的，回到原籍后，没有田土，有关组织又没有采取相应的补救措施，因而“饥寒起盗心”再犯盗窃罪判刑入狱。当然，虽然不能将方某的再次犯罪与其没有田土等同起来，但是没有田土应是其再次犯罪的原因之一。因此，为刑满释放人员建立社会保障机制势在必行。
3、关于建立再次累犯从重处罚制度的思考
刑罚是国家创制并以国家的名义适用与执行的，对犯罪分子适用的特殊制裁方法，是对犯罪分子某种利益的剥夺。刑罚就其一般意义而言，有剥夺、改造、感化、威慑、鉴别、补偿、安抚、鼓励等功能。刑罚的功能涉及的内容颇多，在这里只就其威慑功能谈一点粗浅的看法。所谓威慑是指刑罚对潜在犯罪人威吓慑止作用。也就说由于刑罚的威慑作用，使其不敢犯罪，笔者在办案中了解到有这样一些“三进宫”的被告人，当向其送达起诉书副本时，问他们怎么又犯罪，难道不知道法律的严厉？他们回答：大不了又是累犯。笔者还了解道有一起更奇怪的案件，被告人赖某系“三进宫”之人，这三次均犯盗窃罪，但第三次犯罪行为就不在刑满释放后五年内实施，而是在五年后的第九天才开始实施盗窃行为。赖某的行为按《刑法》第六十五条规定当然不构成累犯，这只能说明被告人赖某既没有改过自新，又学到了“钻法律空子”，够狡猾的。刑罚的威慑功能在上述犯罪人的意识中应该说是没有多大的功效。对于再次累犯者，一般都是恶习较深或职业犯者，这些人在这方面的心理承受能力，要比一般人强。因此，现行《刑法》的累犯制度已不能在这些“甲壳犯”的心理上造成什么压力，应当从立法上建立再次累犯从重处罚制度，以达到累犯制度的更加完善。笔者认为，再次累犯从重处罚，应将构成再次累犯的时间增加到十年，即表述为，前次犯罪构成累犯的，在十年内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是再次累犯，应比照累犯从重处罚。当然再次累犯也应当仅限于故意犯罪。


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